Connect High Impedance Sensors Directly to an Easy Drive Delta Sigma ADC
Delta Sigma ADCs are accurate and have high noise immunity, making them ideal for directly measuring many types of sensors. Nevertheless, input sampling currents can overwhelm high source impedances or low-bandwidth, micropower signal conditioning circuits. The LTC2480 family of Delta Sigma converters solves this problem by balancing the input currents, thus simplifying or eliminating the need for signal conditioning circuits.
A common application for a delta sigma ADC is thermistor measurement. Figure 1 shows the LTC2480 connections for direct measurement of thermistors up to 100kΩ. Data I/O is through a standard SPI interface, and the sampling current in each input is approximately
or about 1.67μA when VREF is 5V and both inputs are grounded.
Figure 1. LTC2480 connections.
Figure 2 shows how to balance the thermistor such that the ADC input current is minimized. If the two reference resistors are exactly equal, the input current is exactly zero and no errors result. If the reference resistors have a 1% tolerance, the maximum error in the measured resistance is 1.6Ω due to the slight shift in common mode voltage; far less than the 1% error of the reference resistors themselves. No amplifier is required, making this an ideal solution in micropower applications.
Figure 2. Centered sensor.
It may be necessary to ground one side of the sensor to reduce noise pickup or simplify wiring if the sensor is remote. The varying common mode voltage produces a 3.5kΩ full-scale error in the measured resistance if this circuit is used without buffering.
Figure 3 shows how to interface a very low power, low bandwidth op amp to the LTC2480. The LT1494 has excellent DC specs for an amplifier with 1.5μA supply current—the maximum offset voltage is 150μV and the open loop gain is 100,000—but its 2kHz bandwidth makes it unsuitable for driving conventional delta sigma ADCs. Adding a 1kΩ, 0.1μF filter solves this problem by providing a charge reservoir that supplies the LTC2480’s instantaneous sampling current, while the 1kΩ resistor isolates the capacitive load from the LT1494. Don’t try this with an ordinary delta sigma ADC—the sampling current from ADCs with specifications similar to the LTC2480 family would result in a 1.4mV offset and a 0.69mV full-scale error in the circuit shown in Figure 3. The LTC2480’s balanced input current allows these errors to be easily cancelled by placing an identical filter at IN–.
Figure 3. Grounded, buffered sensor.
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